Minggu ke-3 ini mata kuliah Introduction to Linguistic memberikan inisiasi mengenai trend pada linguistik dan implikasinya pada pengajaran bahasa. Kita diharapkan memahami mengenai materi pembelajaran yang dikembangkan melalui pendekatan terstruktur, pendekatan transformasional dan pendekatan fungsional. Inisiasi selengkapnya seperti dibawah ini:
INISIASI 3
(SESSION 3)Dear students,
We come to the Online Tutorial of Introduction to Linguistics/PBIS4202 for the third session. As we have discussed on the second session that it is important to know the characteristics of human language, it is also important for us to know how linguistics can be applied in language teaching. In this session we will discuss the material from Module 2: Trends In Linguistics And Their Implication In Language Teaching, focused on Approaches used in Language Teaching and the implications. There are three prominent approaches, namely structural approach, transformational approach, and functional approach, which we are going to discuss in details. Besides, we also need to understand teaching materials which are developed from structural approach, transformational approach, and functional approach.1. Structural Approach
This approach is closely related to the grammar-focused teaching. The structuralists believed that language is formed from the smallest units of its sound system. Leonard Bloomfield in his book Language, published in 1933, he stated about structuralism. This model of grammar is still influential and worthy of detailed comment. Structuralists began with the premise that each language was unique and must be described in terms of its own individual patterning. Structuralism was text-based and only interested in language that had actually occurred.Structuralism focuses on the level of language that examines how words combine into larger units. We shall study only three of these units – the phrase, the clause and the sentence.
There are five commonly occurring types of phrase in English:
noun phrases: e.g. the little dog, a young woman, etc.; adjective phrases: e.g. extremely old, etc.;
verb phrases: e.g. might be closed, etc.; adverb phrases: e.g. very hard, every morning, etc.;
preposition phrases: e.g. on foot, by plane, etc. They also study bigger units of words, clauses and sentences.In the implications, teachers attempt to ask students analyze the combining words.
For example:
2. Transformational Generative Grammar Approach
Transformational Generative Grammar (TG) was introduced by Noam Chomsky in his book Syntactic Structures published in 1957. TG distinguished between competence, and performance, Competence is the perfect storehouse of linguistic knowledge and performance draws on this knowledge but it can be faulty. TG does not use text since it is more interested in what produced the text than in the text itself.A TG model has four main characteristics:
- It must attempt to make explicit and generate an infinite set of sentences.
For example, that we have the rules:
S — NP + VP (sentence can be rewritten as noun phrase + verb phrase).- Since the model attempts to describe the ideal speaker-hearer’s linguistic knowledge and intuitions, it must be explicit.
- The model must have three components: a phonological component, a syntactic component and a semantic component so that it parallels the speaker’s ability to associate noise and meaning.
- It must be able to assign a structure to all sentences which would be accepted by a native speaker and ‘reject all sentences which would be rejected by a native speaker.
The example of transformation is as follow.
3. Functional Approach
A functional-notional approach concentrates on the purposes for which language is used. A functional-notional approach to language learning places major emphasis on the communicative purpose(s) of a speech act. It focuses on what people want to do or what they want to accomplish through speech. It is functioned to let others know their purpose or aim in speaking in the first place.
The basic communicative purposes of the speaker may be expressed in two principal ways, depending on the function: We would use either A. formulas, that is, fixed expressions; or, B. communicative or functional expressions.
Examples of formulas
- FUNCTION: greeting
(informal, usable at any time): “Hello”
(time-bound, formal): “Good evening”- FUNCTION: leave-taking
(informal): “So long” or “Bye”
(formal): “Good-bye”In all languages generally communicative (func¬tional) expressions can be changed for gender, number, tense, aspect, emphasis, or other communicative purposes.
Example:
FUNCTION: making a suggestion: “How do you feel about going to the beach?” Here the do may become does or remain do with plural nouns or pronouns and you may be substituted by he, she, they, the boys, etc.Naturally a communicative function can include both a formula and a communicative expression, for example, greeting/expression of concern: “Good morning. How does your mother feel today?
Dear students, good luck.
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